What is Panner's disease primarily characterized by?

Panner's disease is primarily characterized by localized avascular necrosis of the capitellum, which is the rounded knob at the end of the humerus that forms part of the elbow joint. This condition typically affects children, particularly those aged 5 to 15 years, and is often associated with repetitive trauma or overuse, commonly seen in young athletes who participate in throwing sports.

The condition leads to a disruption of the blood supply to the capitellum, resulting in bone death and subsequently causing pain, swelling, and limited motion in the elbow. Over time, without appropriate management, Panner's disease can lead to complications such as joint instability, degenerative changes, or osteochondritis dissecans, depending on the duration and severity of the condition. Early recognition and treatment, which may include rest and modification of activities, can help prevent long-term complications.