Which condition is characterized by a BMD of -2.5 or lower?

A bone mineral density (BMD) measurement of -2.5 or lower is characteristic of osteoporosis. This condition is defined by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increased risk of fractures.

The classification of BMD is based on comparisons to the peak bone mass of a healthy young adult. A BMD of -1.0 or above is considered normal, while a BMD between -1.0 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia, which is a precursor to osteoporosis. Therefore, when BMD reaches -2.5 or lower, it meets the diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis, emphasizing a significant reduction in bone density that compromises structural integrity.

This condition is particularly prevalent in postmenopausal women and the elderly, as hormonal changes and aging can both contribute to the acceleration of bone density loss. Individuals with osteoporosis often do not show symptoms until a fracture occurs, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and management to prevent complications.